Wednesday, June 12, 2002

MeSH

"In early April, the Health Sciences OCLC Users Group (HSOCLCUG) conducted an anonymous survey on MeSH authority control practices in health sciences libraries. There were 105 respondents to the survey. Here is a summary of our findings.

Half the respondents (overwhelmingly the largest group) do their authority control manually. Half have brought their MeSH authorities up to date sometime in the last two years, but a third never have. About 70 percent have a mixture in their OPACs of pre-1999, post-1999 and NLM distributed MeSH.

A third of the respondents are using post-1999 MeSH practices in their original cataloging, and almost half are applying post-1999 MeSH practices in their OPACs. The number who would prefer that NLM provide records to bibliographic utilities with post-1999 MeSH nearly equals those who prefer NLM to continue its current practice of providing records with distributed MeSH structure. Thus, respondents appear to be divided on the post-1999 MeSH vs. distributed MeSH structure issue.

The survey also reveals that most vendor systems' global modification functionality are not adequate to convert old records in catalogs to agree with either NLM's current practices (post-1999) or NLM's distributed structure (distributed through utilities like OCLC).

Almost 60 percent enrich OCLC records with NLM classification and MeSH on a regular basis. Almost three-fourths would download MeSH authority records from OCLC if available.

Finally, an unexpectedly large number of comments probably indicate that MeSH authority control is a topic of very high interest to respondents.

For the entire survey results, including graphical displays, please refer to this PDF file, using Adobe Acrobat reader or click the survey link on this webpage

We hope you will enjoy examining the survey results and that you will contact the survey coordinators if you are interested in the work that HSOCLCUG is doing. MeSH authorities, OCLC new directions, changes at NLM, and resource sharing/universal MARC Holdings are four areas of special interest to HSOCLCUG.

The survey coordinators:

Dan Kniesner (kniesner@ohsu.edu) and Judith Dzierba (Judith_L_Dzierba@rush.edu)."

Wireless Web Browsers & the OPAC

Another OPAC I've not seen, but sounds interesting. If you catch it at SLA or ALA let me know how it looks. The III AirPAC is designed for mobile phone, wireless PDA and other mobile devices.

"Patrons can interact with the Millennium system from anywhere accessible by wireless networks, allowing a user to place a hold from a classroom, check due dates and renew items during a long commute, or search the catalog while running errands to find the closest library branch where a desired title is held."

Does the Handheld Librarian know about this one?

Vacation

I'll be on vacation for the next week and a half. Posts will be very intermittent, if they occur at all. I will be checking my e-mail a few times and if I see anything screaming to be posted I'll get up. Otherwise, I'll be back on June 24.

Cataloging in Other Languages

The other day I mentioned the problem of identifying just what the language is on some materials. Ukrainian and Russian or the Scandinavian languages can appear very similar to someone who does not speak them. Owen Massey brought language guessers to my attention. For example, the Content Analysis Language Identifier has the ability to distinguish between 47 different languages. It uses UNICODE so it can take most character sets. Thanks Owen for the tip.

Preservation Metadata

OCLC AND RLG WORKING GROUP RELEASES REPORT ON 'METADATA FRAMEWORK TO SUPPORT PRESERVATION OF DIGITAL OBJECTS'

DUBLIN, Ohio, June 11, 2002--The Working Group on Preservation Metadata, an initiative jointly sponsored by OCLC and RLG, has released 'A Metadata Framework to Support the Preservation of Digital Objects,' a new report available on the OCLC Web site.

The report is a comprehensive guide to preservation metadata that is applicable to a broad range of digital preservation activities. Preservation metadata is the information infrastructure necessary to support processes associated with the long-term retention of digital resources, and is an essential component of most digital preservation systems.

The report represents the consensus of leading experts and practitioners comprising the working group, and is intended for use by organizations and institutions managing, or planning to manage, the long-term retention of digital resources.

The working group based its work on preservation metadata element sets developed by several leading institutions and organizations in the digital preservation community, as well as the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) reference model. OAIS is a conceptual framework that articulates the primary functional components of a digital archive and establishes concepts and terminology for describing and comparing architectures and data models.

The report follows on the working group's earlier white paper, 'Preservation Metadata for Digital Objects: A Review of the State of the Art,' which defined and discussed the concept of preservation metadata, reviewed current thinking and practice in the use of preservation metadata, and identified starting points for consensus-building activity in this area. The white paper is also available on the OCLC Web site.

"The working group's report illustrates the value of cooperatively resolving the challenges of digital preservation," said Brian Lavoie, research scientist in the OCLC Office of Research. "The most effective solutions for the long-term retention of digital resources are likely to emerge from collaboration within the digital preservation community, pooling the expertise of researchers and practitioners from a variety of institutional and geographical backgrounds. Taken together, these consensus-building efforts will establish the necessary infrastructure, in the form of standards and best practices, to support digital preservation activity."

"For institutions creating and preserving digital objects, this new OCLC/RLG report is a good resource for both preservation metadata and its relationship to the OAIS reference model," said Robin Dale, RLG program officer. "It broadens the digital preservation toolset we've been building, which includes such aids as the RLG/OCLC report on the attributes of trusted digital repositories and RLG's OAIS practitioners' Web page."

"The work of the OCLC/RLG Working Group on Preservation Metadata has been an extremely important effort as libraries and related cultural institutions begin to tackle issues concerning digital preservation," said Rebecca S. Guenther, senior networking and standards specialist, Library of Congress, and working group member. "The working group document takes the OAIS information model closer to the goal of actually implementing archival information systems that document preservation requirements and processes and is particularly relevant to the needs of libraries. This document is an important contribution to the development of preservation metadata standards in information technology, an area where much additional work is needed."

The Working Group on Preservation Metadata is part of a cooperative effort between OCLC and RLG to support consensus-building activity in the development of key infrastructure for digital preservation.

Tuesday, June 11, 2002

Dewey in Spanish

A Spanish language version of Dewey to the 1000 level is available. This would be a good guide to have available where some of the patrons are Spanish speaking. I'd not want to use it for classification. The Spanish in Our Libraries (SOL) site has some other valuable resources for libraries serving a Hispanic population.

Open Archives Initiative

my.OAI is a full-featured search interface to a selected list of metadata databases. They have recently made some inprovements

The following changes/improvements were made:

  • Added a recommender system which suggest other documents perhaps worth looking at based on prior search and retrieval patterns of other users.
  • Changed the way in which databases are selected, now they are displayed as a list rather than databases with checkboxes, this is to accommodate their growing numbers.
  • Added the ability to run a meta-search, displaying the total number of results per database before displaying the search results, the user can then pick which database(s) they want to see results for.
  • Added the ability to group the search results by database, the user can then pick which database(s) they want to see results for.
  • Added documents viewed to the search history, now you can see both your previous searches and all the document you viewed in reverse chronological order.

    Thanks to FOS for bringing this to my attention.

  • Monday, June 10, 2002

    FRBR & the OPAC

    Here an announcement of an OPAC that displays records in FRBR format. I've not seen it. If anyone does see it at ALA or SLA I'd be interested in hearing comments.

    "VTLS Inc. Announces FRBR Implementation
    VIRTUA ILS NOW SUPPORTS FRBR
    ALA JUNE 2002

    Blacksburg, VA -- Virtua ILS – Integrated Library Systems newest release is currently the only commercially available ILS system in the marketplace to support the IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR). The FRBR model is the latest development in cataloging practice. It is designed to serve as a conceptual framework for systems that share and use bibliographic data, nationally or internationally. The concept was developed by IFLA with participation from National Libraries like Library of Congress and the National Library of Canada.

    Present cataloging practices do not support "linked hierarchic metadata records" making it difficult to catalog certain types of materials. The FRBR model is designed to address this difficulty. The basic FRBR record consists of three entities - work, expression and manifestation. In addition, item records (holding records) can be attached to the manifestation. For example, Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony represents a work. It can be independently cataloged. The performance of the symphony by, say, the New York Philharmonic Orchestra represents an "expression" of the work. A CD by Columbia records containing the particular performance represents a "manifestation" of the work. Two copies of the CD in the library represent two "items" of this manifestation.

    Using the FRBR model, librarians do not have to re-catalog the entire work again for different performances or for different manifestations of the same performance. Instead, FRBR allows the new performance to be cataloged separately and linked to a previously cataloged "work". This hierarchical parent child relationship in metadata records is the key feature of FRBR. The example above was from music; however the hierarchic relationship can exist in other material types like printed materials with different editions or language versions.

    In implementing FRBR, VTLS has created an environment in which records in the FRBR model and records in the traditional cataloging model can co-exist in the same database. Such an implementation allows libraries to ease into the use of the FRBR model without requiring massive record conversions. It is clear that not every metadata record lends itself to FRBR. For example, many records do not have alternative expressions or manifestations. For this reason, Virtua ILS supports classic cataloging of metadata records along with FRBR records in the same database. The software is "FRBR aware" and automatically changes display formats depending on the type of record (FRBR or regular).

    With a click of a button, the Virtua software converts a regular record to three records of the FRBR model and attaches all items to the manifestation record. This process can also be performed in a batch mode.

    Refinements on the FRBR implementation continue as we receive valuable input from interested parties.

    For more information on FRBR please see:
    IFLA web site
    VTLS web site"

    Cataloging in Languages Other than English

    The Glossary of Bibliographic Information by Language can be a real help when dealing with materials in a language you are not fluent in. It provides translations for common terms used in publishing in Danish, Dutch, French German, Italian Latin, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish Swedish and Turkish. Now the trick is finding out just what the language is. I recently cataloged a map in Czech, Coratian, Polish and Hungarian. It took a good bit of time figuring out that Coratian was one of the languages.

    Thesauri and Web Logs

    On the High Context 'blog this short article shows how a controlled vocabulary could benefit resource discovery in Web logs. Thanks to the Shifted Librarian for pointing this out.

    Friday, June 07, 2002

    Catalogablog

    This Web log can be posted to by more than one person. If there is someone else out there interested in cataloging who would like to contribute just let me know and I can authorize you to post as well.

    Not Cataloging

    "Six Science Publishers Create New Web Font Set:
    The STIX Project (http://www.stixfonts.org)

    Melville, NY, June 10, 2002 - After years of planning, a group of scientific publishers today formally announced the Scientific and Technical Information Exchange (STIX) font creation project and the launch of the STIX web site. The STIX publishers aim to develop a comprehensive set of fonts for mathematics and other special characters used in Scientific, Technical, and Medical publishing. The web site provides information for potential users within the scientific and publishing communities, and a special area for software developers who may want to incorporate support for the STIX Fonts into their products.

    Six publishers - the American Chemical Society (ACS), the American Institute of Physics (AIP), the American Mathematical Society (AMS), the American Physical Society (APS), Elsevier Science, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) -- came together to design, fund and manage the STIX project. They have awarded the font development contract to a respected font development company, which has begun the process of designing and delivering nearly eight thousand characters/glyphs. The design submissions of the various character sets are currently being evaluated by a Technical Review Committee consisting of representatives of the six participating publishers.

    There is currently a clear need for a new font set for mathematical and other scientific symbols, especially in the area of on-screen display in electronic publishing. Today, scientists must assemble scientific symbols and special characters from a variety of fonts, many of which may vary in character style, positioning, or size. The resulting documents typically have an unsatisfactory, jumbled appearance. Even more importantly, when posted to a web site, these documents may not be properly rendered unless the viewers of the document have all of the same specialized fonts available on the computer workstations they are using. This new set of fonts, known as the STIX Fonts, will solve both of these problems, serving the scientific and engineering community in the process from manuscript creation all the way through to final publication, both in electronic and print formats. It will unify support for all special symbols and alphabets into a single, comprehensive font set.

    The STIX fonts will be made available, under royalty-free license, to anyone, including publishers, software developers, scientists, students and the general public. Target for completion of the project is the Fall of 2003.

    By making the fonts freely available, the STIX project hopes to encourage the development of applications that make use of these fonts. In particular the STIX project will create a TEX implementation that TEX users can install and configure with minimal effort. TEX is a computer language designed for typesetting, with particular application to mathematics and other technical material.

    The STIX mission will be fully realized when:

  • Fully hinted PostScript Type 1 and OpenType font sets have been created.
  • All characters/glyphs have been incorporated into Unicode representation or comparable representation and browsers include program logic to fully utilize the STIX font set in the electronic representation of scholarly scientific documents.

    For more information visit the STIX Fonts web site

    For the STIX Fonts project:
    T.C. Ingoldsby (Chairman)
    American Institute of Physics
    2 Huntington Quadrangle, Suite 1NO1
    Melville, NY 11747-4502
    Phone: +1 516 576 2265
    Fax: +1 516 576 2327
    Email: tingoldsby@aip.org"

  • CONSER Task Group on FRBR and Continuing Resources

    "The FRBR provides great hope for the long-standing problem of multiple versions, an issue particularly problematic for serials and other continuing resources. Thus, it is extremely important that the complexities and requirements of continuing resources be fully incorporated into any solutions that are developed based on FRBR. With that in mind, a CONSER task force is being established to provide ongoing comment and analysis on the uses of FRBR for continuing resources.

    Charge

  • Consider the entities, attributes and relationships as described in the FRBR and their application to serials and other continuing resources.
  • Provide serial examples for the paper "Displays for Multiple Versions from MARC 21 and FRBR"
  • Evaluate reports of the JSC Format Variation Working Group and provide feedback relating to continuing resources
  • Monitor activities regarding the use of FRBR and provide reports, analysis, feedback, as deemed appropriate."
  • Conferences

    SLA and ALA are both about to happen. I'll miss SLA, some very good and interesting people and great parties. PAM (Physics Astronomy Math) folks are a wonderful group. Maybe next year. I just couldn't find the time. Coming up I have some vacation time. Then there is NACO training, the Summer Institute for Distance Learning Librarians, the LITA Forum here in Houston and just maybe OLAC. Enjoy the big conventions. Maybe I'll get to see some of you at the smaller ones.

    MARC21 Codes

    Additions to the MARC Code Lists for Relators, Sources, Description Conventions

    Network Development and MARC Standards Office Library of Congress
    ---------------------------------------------------
    The following 12 codes have been recently approved for use in MARC 21 records. They include 2 category code source codes, 3 classification scheme source codes, and 6 subject source codes, and 1 name source code. These new codes have been added to the online "MARC Codes Lists for Relators, Sources, Description Conventions" but should not be used in exchange records until after July 30, 2002. This 60-day waiting period is required to provide MARC 21 implementers with time to include newly defined codes in any validation tables they may apply to the MARC fields where these codes are used.
    ---------------------------------------------------
    MARC Category Code Source Codes
    Changes:

    agricola - AGRICOLA subject category codes (subfield $2 in Bibliographic field 072) [use after 07-30-2002]

    fiaf - Classification scheme for literature on film and television (subfield $2 in Bibliographic field 072) [use after 07-30-2002]
    ---------------------------------------------------
    MARC Classification Scheme Sources
    Changes:

    agricola - AGRICOLA subject category codes (subfield $2 in Bibliographic field 084 and Bibliographic/Holdings field 852)[use after 07-30-2002]

    agrissc - AGRIS: subject category codes (subfield $2 in Bibliographic field 084 and Bibliographic/Holdings field 852)[use after 07-30-2002]

    fiaf - Classification scheme for literature on film and television (subfield $2 in Bibliographic field 084 and Bibliographic/Holdings field 852)[use after 07-30-2002]
    ---------------------------------------------------
    MARC Term, Name, Title Sources
    Changes:

    albt - Arbetslivsbibliotekets tesaurus (subfield $2 in Bibliographic and Community Information records in fields 600-651) [use after 07-30-2002]

    eclas - ECLAS thesaurus (subfield $2 in Bibliographic and Community Information records in fields 600-651) [use after 07-30-2002]

    ncjt - National criminal justice thesaurus (subfield $2 in Bibliographic and Community Information records in fields 600-651) [use after 07-30-2002]

    nznb - New Zealand national bibliography (subfield $2 in Bibliographic and Community Information fields 600-651, 655-658 subfield $2 in Authorities fields 700-751 and subfield $f in field 040) [use after 07-30-2002]

    prvt - Patent- och registreringsverket tesaurus (subfield $2 in Bibliographic and Community Information records in fields 600-651) [use after 07-30-2002]

    sfit - Svenska filminstitutets tesaurus (subfield $2 in Bibliographic and Community Information records in fields 600-651) [use after 07-30-2002]

    sot - Schools online thesaurus (subfield $2 in Bibliographic and Community Information records in fields 600-651) [use after 07-30-2002]

    Thursday, June 06, 2002

    NISO Standards for Comment

    These are some of the NISO standards that are currently available for comment.

    ANSI/NISO/ISO 12083 - 1995 Electronic Manuscript Preparation and Markup
    Abstract: In complete conformance with ISO 8879 (SGML - Standard Generalized Markup Language), 12083 provides a toolkit for developing customized SGML applications. Four Document Type Definitions are specified for books, serials, articles, and mathematics. Instructions for the preparation of text for the near automatic conversion to grade-2 braille and for publication in large-print and computer voice editions are included.

    ANSI/NISO Z39.14 - 1997 Guidelines for Abstracts
    Abstract: This standard helps authors and editors prepare useful abstracts by describing the components of an abstract and the appropriate styles and formats. Numerous examples illustrate the instructions presented in the standard and clarify how to handle special cases.

    ANSI/NISO Z39.23 - 1997 Standard Technical Report Number Format and Creation
    Abstract: Defines a unique numbering system that improves access to the wealth of scientific and technical reports issued by the government and private organizations. The STRN is an alphanumeric code with a maximum length of 34; for international application an optional country code can be added. The standard explains how and where the code should be assigned and used. A central authority to coordinate and monitor assignments of the code is designated.

    ANSI/NISO Z39.26 - 1997 Micropublishing Product Information
    Abstract: Content guidelines are given for advertising materials used to describe micropublications intended for long-term retention and use. Vendor Note: This standard details the information which publishers should incorporate in advertising materials for micropublications so users will have a full description of the product. This revision now includes a section on guarantees and the publisher's policy on replacement of defective portions of the micropublication.

    ANSI/NISO Z39.32 - 1996 Information on Microfiche Headers
    Equivalent international standard: ISO 5123
    Abstract: Defines the specific eye-legible information that should appear on the limited space available on microfiche so the fiche can be correctly identified and properly filed.The standard describes where to place the data, the order of the information, and a recommended type size and contrast to maximize readability. Many examples show how to use the standard.

    ANSI/NISO Z39.41 - 1998 Printed Information on Spines
    Abstract: Describes how information is best presented on the spines of books or the containers that contain an information product, such as a CD-ROM, a microform, a disk, videotape or an audiotape. Explains what information to include and how to arrange it for maximum clarity. Using this standard will help your users identify your product and use it!

    ANSI/NISO Z39.48 - 1992(R1997) Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives
    Equivalent international standard: ISO 9706
    Abstract: Publishers and paper manufacturers, take note! This standard sets the basic criteria for coated and uncoated papers that will last several hundred years under normal use. It covers ph value, tear resistance, alkaline reserve and lignin threshold. Recycled papers will meet the criteria specified. This revision to the original 1984 standard is based on testing conducted by the Institute of Paper Science and Technology and contributions from paper makers, publishers, printers, and the preservation community.

    Wednesday, June 05, 2002

    MARC21 & XML

    Library of Congress announces standard MARCXML schema

    The Library of Congress Network Development and MARC Standards Office announces completion of a schema for MARC 21 records in an XML structure for use in communicating MARC 21 records. This schema was developed in collaboration with OCLC and RLG and reviewed by the National Library of Canada and the National Library of Medicine (NLM), after a survey of schemas in use in various projects. Many schemas have taken the "slim" approach but all vary slightly. This schema will be maintained by the Library of Congress as will software that enables lossless conversion to and from MARC 21 records in the ISO 2709 structure. As illustrated in the introductory information on the web site, the Library of Congress will develop and provide, downloadable from the MARCXML web site, tools for various transformations and for record validations. A single schema serves all the five MARC 21 formats.

    By collaboratively developing a communications schema, the Library of Congress encourages the standardization of MARC 21 exchange records in the XML environment, recognizing that MARC 21 records inside systems will continue to use different record configurations, tailored to the characteristics of the system. Provision of the tools for transformations to and from other metadata approaches, such as Dublin Core and the Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS), will help to standardize derivative metadata records also. (MODS is a new schema for a bibliographic element set that is a subset of MARC expressed in XML with language-based rather than numeric tags.) The tools take the mappings between MARC and other metadata sets, that have been maintained on the MARC web site, to an operational level.

    One project interested in a standard, lossless MARCXML schema is the Open Archive Initiative (OAI) which found it necessary to draft a schema in the absence of an official one. The Library of Congress worked with the OAI to provide a transformation from the original oai_marc schema to this one so the Initiative can take advantage of a schema that is maintained by the MARC 21 maintenance agency and in broad use. The transformation is available from the MARCXML web site.

    With the slim approach, schema-driven validation is only possible at the highest structural level. The Network Development and MARC Standards Office will therefore maintain downloadable tag, subfield, and value validation software on the web site that will enable users to build validation programs for their needs. Use of these standard validations represent another attempt to assure standardization of records to support effective record interchange.

    The Library has maintained two SGML DTDs (for Bibliographic-type and Authority-type records) since 1996, which take a different approach to the data elements in MARC - an approach that enables validation of data through the DTD itself but requires a very large DTD and DTD maintenance. The Bibliographic-type DTD was converted to an XML DTD in 2000. These DTDs have been effectively used by some agencies (including the Library of Congress), primarily for internal processes, therefore transformations between them and the new slim MARCXML schema are being provided. Maintenance techniques and/or possible revision of the XML DTDs are under consideration.

    For questions or comments please email the Office at ndmso@loc.gov.

    Cataloging in the Real World

    This in press article provides some interesting reading. Please, abide by his request to access the paper in off hours, he has already received a warning from his ISP.

    I have some questions on why some of these non-standard practices exist. Why don't the institutions using their own subject headings submit them to SACO? Or at least place them in a 653 field? Why would anyone buy a system that could not access the full MARC record? My system is an inexpensive one for the PC. It is far from perfect, in display there are problems, but I can at least create and edit the full record. Authority records or editing authority records would solve some of the problems. Do some systems not use MARC authority records, or are they too hard to acquire so institutions just don't bother?

    "The following message is regarding an article that has been submitted for publication to Library Resources and Technical Services. I would ask that anyone who is a potential reviewer for LRTS read no further.

    As you know back in February I posted a message asking for your local practices that break cataloging standards, broadly defined as AACR2, classification systems, encoding standards, etc. The response was overwhelming, 94 original responses came back and I couldn't have been happier.

    You'll all be glad to know that I have submitted a draft of an article discussing the results of this survey to Library Resources and Technical Services for publication. The current title is "Breaking the Law: a survey of non-standard cataloging practices."

    This research could not have been done without the support and input from Autocat, and I wanted to thank you all. A static working draft of the article is available on my website.

    WARNING: Please don't all go visit the site at once, because my ISP only allows a limited amount of data transfer per hour. If you do want to read the article, please bookmark the address above, and visit either in a few days or during an evening hour. I would hate to have you get frustrated by not being able to access the article, and not take the time to read it.

    Thank you.

    Eric S. Riley Graduate Student (for one more week!)
    Information School University of Washington, Seattle"

    Tuesday, June 04, 2002

    Metadata

    Another metadata scheme for the visual arts community is the Visual Resources Association, VRA Core Categories, now in version 3. "The VRA Core Categories, Version 3.0 consist of a single element set that can be applied as many times as necessary to create records to describe works of visual culture as well as the images that document them."

    MARC Geographic Codes

    TECHNICAL NOTICE
    Addition to the MARC Country and Geographic Area Code Lists for Aruba, Bonaire and East Timor
    Network Development and MARC Standards Office

    As the result of East Timor's gaining its independence from Indonesia in May 2002, new country and geographic area codes are being defined for use in MARC records.

    The new codes for East Timor are:
    em (Country code)
    a-em (Geographic area code)

    The Netherlands Antilles is an internally self-governing and integral part of the Netherlands. It consists of the islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Saint Eustatius and the southern half of the island of Saint Martin. Aruba was part of the Netherlands Antilles until it seceded in 1986 to become a separate, autonomous member of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Therefore, a new geographic area code is being defined for Aruba. Moreover, because all of the separate islands of the Netherlands Antilles have their geographic area codes, a geographic area code is being defined for Bonaire for use in MARC records.

    The new code for Aruba is:
    nwaw (Geographic area code)

    The new code for Bonaire is:
    nwbn (Geographic area code)

    Subscribers can anticipate receiving MARC records reflecting these changes in all distribution services not earlier than September 3, 2002. Questions regarding the country and geographic area codes should be directed to:

    Cataloging Policy and Support Office
    Library of Congress
    Washington, DC 20540-4305
    (202) 707-4380
    INTERNET: cpso@loc.gov
    June 3, 2002